Animal Rights Where Are The Limits - 1680 Words

Adrianna Steele Dr. Beutel ENG 101 November 18, 2014 Animal Rights: Where Are The Limits? Do animals deserve the natural rights humans have? Animals are being kept captive in science labs to test many things. In research labs they are used to test many trivial products and they are also used in valuable medical research. Many animal right activists go as far as breaking the law as an attempt to get the point across about the wellbeing of animals in science labs instead of being civil about the manner. Where are the limits of abuse to animals in the science labs? Is it essential that animals be used as experiments for anything other than valuable medical research? The welfare of animals should be considered in experiments, although they are a substantial benefit to medical research there should still be strict enforced regulations set to stop the unnecessary pain and suffering of the animals. There are many animal rights activist groups asking that an animal’s life be seen just as valuable as the life of a human. Having â€Å"natural rights† for anim als defined would mean imprisoning and holding trials for animals that break the law, realistically this is not a defensible philosophy. According to Lee and Ames natural rights for animals is a â€Å"flawed philosophy† that contradicts itself. The concept of natural rights for animals would jeopardize all medical research. Animals in the laboratory are mostly used for biomedical research, education and product safetyShow MoreRelatedPhil 235 Term Paper1336 Words   |  6 PagesTerm Paper: The Right to Have Children The right to have children is understood in very different ways and people’s ethics and values are put to the test each and everyday when they find out they not only must take care of themselves but the lives of another human being. 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In some studies, the resulting animal embryo had a mixture of animal cells, human cells, and a hybrid of the twoRead MoreAnimal Farm And 1984 George Orwell Analysis889 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell used the theme of betrayal to show how the society in both â€Å"Animal Farm† and â€Å"1984† controls the people. Both books have a totalitarian government controlling everyone but in 1984 the government has people betray each other to gain power. People do as they’re told and lose the relationships such as family, friends, or intimate relationships, all of which they would have in a normal society. The government does this so each individual becomes alienated from each other and feels likeRead MoreReligion And Religious Laws On Religion975 Words   |  4 Pagesfollower s and society have to obey without questioning why the rules exist. Some of the religious rules have put limits on humans that go completely against human nature. This because we as humans are consider as mammals and animals as well Although there are many positive views of religion there are also many negative aspects to religious laws. For centuries, religion has put limits on its followers by denying their passions for many reasons. Religion teaches everyone what’s morality good andRead More Animals Deserve Rights Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals Deserve Rights It is the notion of our time that non-human animals exist for the advancement of the human species. In whatever field -- cookery, fashion, blood-sports -- it is held that we can only be concerned with animals as far as human interests exist. There may be some sympathy for those animals, as to limit practices which cause excruciating suffering, but those may only be limited if they are brought to public light, and if legislators receive enough pressure from the public toRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Farm begins as a vision of Utopia, perfect society but ends as a nightmare who is to blame for the betrayal of revolution? Animalism was, in its truest sense, a dream conjured by Old Major. He could never achieve his vision of Utopia. Throughout the satire, the pigs visibly taint Old Majors concept of equality. It is obvious to the readers from the very beginning, that the pigs would become corrupt. At the start of the satire, all the animals gather in the barn to listen to OldRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is An Ethical And Moral Issue Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesissue? Animal cruelty can be either deliberate abuse or simply the failure to take care of an animal. Either way, or whether the animal is a pet, a farm animal or wildlife, the victim can suffer terribly. Animal cruelty is an ethical and moral dilemma as there is no clear right or wrong answers that can solve all of the issues. There are numerous opinions on how this issue can be solved, these include; - Creating more animal protection laws e.g. ban animals in circuses - Harsher fines for animal abusersRead MorePeople Have Hunted Throughout Human History1503 Words   |  7 Pagesor calling a wild animal with the intention, or aim, of killing it. People often ask hunters why they hunt. Most say they hunt for three reasons: Food, to help balance wildlife, and to enjoy the challenge. People who lived thousands of years ago left clues about their lives. Some of these clues were pictures painted on the wall inside caves. Some showed animals being hunted. This proves that hunting has been part of society for many years. The first hunters may have trapped animals and beat them with

Entropy free essay sample

Do you think everything in your life are abiding or not? Entropy is all about unstable things that always changing. According to the arrow of time, KC. Cole give the explanation for entropy that â€Å"Entropy is the natural order of things in the universe, there is event a precise measure of the amount of disorder† (Pg. 221). Due to that, we can say that entropy is part of life and nature. Going forward is how entropy works. Like time only go through, newer go back and restart again. In order to learning and understanding to delay the effect of entropy in our life. Looking through daily life such as family, education, entertainment, work and etc is the basic and the easiest ways to adapt and adjust your entropy. Managing time carefully be able you to deferring your entropy in life. The most important part in human life, many people agree that is â€Å"Family†. We will write a custom essay sample on Entropy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dose not matter whoever you are or whatever you do, parent is the first person you contact with. Mom and dad are the first couple who taking care of us. Most of time using with family and parent. Babies used their hold period asking cared and knowledge from their parent. Husband spend amount of life taking care of his wife. Dad and mom expend all of free time taking care their kids. Noticing that the more grow up, the more time we lose. Growing up as adult have much more things to care of. Paying attention for studies, works, friends, events and lots of activities become important part of life. We have less free times to spend with our lover. Those are entropy that we have to put in our time of live. The most important goal in my hold life, managing entropy and spend time as much as possible to stay with family and take care them. Family† is that important for you? Education also play important role for many people. Because everyone realize that highly education is require for good career. Studying trend become more popular in the lastly of 1900s. Some people spend their hold life in studying to get the good grade, scholarship or good job while some just spent amount of time to do that. Of course, studying is significant but it is not everything. In order to get work, we study hard but if we only study how can we work? Moreover, we have to join other activities, lub and meeting to make our life more colorful. Entertainment is very need in our life. Many research shown that Laughing can make you live longer. Crying and stress make you die quicker. Body will be releases Endorphins that going to relieves the stress and negative feeling while we laughing. Therefor, we should entertain ourselves at least one hour per day to let body and brain cool down and relax. It does not matter to do funny things or spend lots of time, just do whatever you like and enjoy it, have fun with it then you will get the better quality of life. Many people said that working is the most important part of human life while some disagree. Those people spend time, effort, also free time just focusing on working. Some people work hard to earn lots of income, some want to be popular or get high position in company. However, money and famous are not everything. There are a lot of things such as family, friends, dream and etc that more important waiting for us. Spending hold life with working is really stupid idea. There are many cases that spend most time with working. After those people realize they have nothing left. Becoming too old to use money. Family all gone. Spending lots of money on medical fee. Nothing going to be good if we only focusing on something only without care the others. Are you going to spend you hold life in working for thing call â€Å"money’†? Basic entropy in daily life is base on how can we manage our life. Managing schedule is the best way to avoid and delay it. We cannot pay lot of time to do everything. Choosing the most important things and spend lot of time with it. Adjust your time-table carefully then you will get everything. What about you, how can you manage entropy? Entertainment is very need in our life. Many research shown that Laughing can make you live longer. Crying and stress make you die quicker. Body will be releases Endorphins that going to relieves the stress and negative feeling while we laughing. Therefor, we should entertain ourselves at least one hour per day to let body and brain cool down and relax. It does not matter to do funny things or spend lots of time, just do whatever you like and enjoy it, have fun with it. Then you will get the better quality of life.

Compare and contrast how the women are wooed in A.Marvells To His Coy Mistress and J.Doones The Flea Essay Example

Compare and contrast how the women are wooed in A.Marvells To His Coy Mistress and J.Doones The Flea Essay Andrew Marvell was born in the year sixteen-twenty one, in Yorkshire. He became a lecturer in Hull and was educated at Hull Grammar School, and in sixteen-thirty three he matriculated as a Sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Marvell wrote many poems, and To His Coy Mistress was one of them. The poem was published in the seventeenth century and is a good example of love poetry in this century. Also in the seventeenth century, a poet called John Doone also wrote a similar poem about love. John Donnes poem The Flea appears to be a love poem, a dedication from a male suitor to his lady of honour, which renounces to yield to his shameless desires. In this poem, the speaker tries to seduce a young woman by comparing the consequences of their lovemaking with those of an insignificant fleabite. He uses the flea as an argument to demonstrate that the physical relationship he desires is not in itself a significant event, because a similar unification has already taken place within the flea. T he poem was written in the seventeenth century and in those days, if blood was mingled it meant you had had sex with that person. In both poems they use symbols to prove their points to try and get their women to have sex with them. In To His Coy Mistress the symbol is time as throughout the poem the man complains about the lack of time in life. In The Flea the symbol is quite literally the flea as the man uses this to seduce the women. Both poems are about the speaker trying to seduce and woo the women. Wooed means how the men tried to encourage the women into doing what they wanted. They then try anything to win the womens hand. These symbols are used very cunningly in the poem for the mens wooing and they use the devise of language very well when they try and gain the women. They twist the words to there advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast how the women are wooed in A.Marvells To His Coy Mistress and J.Doones The Flea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast how the women are wooed in A.Marvells To His Coy Mistress and J.Doones The Flea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast how the women are wooed in A.Marvells To His Coy Mistress and J.Doones The Flea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She is not worried about what is happening and is determined not to lose her virginity. The man on the other hand has other ideas and wants the woman to get on with what he wants her to do, which is sex. In both poems the poets use the device of symbolism to impress and seduce the women to their advantage. In To His Coy Mistress the symbol in this poem is time and all the way through the symbol is reiterated. The man tries to seduce the woman as quick as possible and uses time as a useful seduction technique for him to draw the attention of the woman to him. He tries to make her think that there is not much time left in her life and she should experience sex before she dies.

Monologue from the play Cinema Limbo by Wade Bradford

Monologue from the play Cinema Limbo by Wade Bradford This comedic female monologue can be used for auditions and classroom performances. The setting is the  current day in an unspecified geographic location, allowing the performer to make her own choices of accent. The character is entering college, so can be assumed to be about age 18, youthful and not yet worldly. Its appropriate for high school and college drama classes. Context of the Monologue This scene is taken from the short play, Cinema Limbo by Wade Bradford. College-bound Vicky is an assistant manager of a movie theater. Every geeky, dorky employee is attracted to her. Although she is amused by their attraction, she has yet to fall in love. The full play is a two-person play of only 10 minutes in length. It may be used to help build the character for a performer who plans to use the monologue. Monologue VICKY:I’m the kind of girl who takes pity on poor pathetic geeks who have never kissed a girl. Let’s just say that I like someone who is easily trainable- someone who will truly appreciate me. It’s sad, I know. But hey, I’ll take an ego boost wherever I can get it. Unfortunately, these adorably nerdy boyfriends get boring after a while. I mean, I can only listen to their computer games and mathematic equations for so long. Of course, Stuart’s different in a lot of ways. He’s terrible at math, for one. And he’s pretty clueless about technology. But he’s a comic book sort of geek. And a hopeless romantic. He’s pre-occupied with holding my hand. Everywhere we go, he wants to hold hands. Even when we’re driving. And he’s got this new pastime. He keeps saying â€Å"I love you.† It was so sweet and wonderful the first time he said it. I almost cried, and I’m not the kind of girl who cries easily. But by the end of the week, he must have said â€Å"I love you† about five hundred times. And then he starts adding pet names. â€Å"I love you, honey bunch.† â€Å"I love you, sweetheart.† â€Å"I love you my little smoochy-woochy-coochi-koo.† I don’t even know what that last one means. It’s like he’s speaking in some brand-new, love-infected language. Who would have thought romance could be so boring? Notes on the Monologue In the original context, Vicky was discussing her job at the theater with a fellow employee, Joshua. She is attracted to him and they banter about the job and her relationship with Stuart, who was a grade school classmate of Joshua. The monologue can also be delivered as an introspective piece rather than as part of a conversation, imagining that Vicky is voicing her thoughts to the audience rather than to Joshua. The monologue gives the performer a chance to show a blend of innocence, naivete, callousness, and even a touch of cruelty. How much of each is displayed will be a choice of the performer. Its a piece that allows the performer to explore the themes of coming of age, exploring relationships, sensitivity to the emotions of others, and the responsibilities of adulthood.

International Trade and Finance Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade and Finance Law - Assignment Example However, besides the vivid opportunities, the global exposure practices have also been observed to impose certain threats and constraints upon the organisations. For instance, organisations intending to expand in the global context may face various types of legal risks owing to the differences pertaining to the regulatory framework of the home country and the host nation. It is in this context that international trade laws, in terms of industry specific concessions and Foreign Direct Investments, often tend to constrict the expansion programs of organisations (Johnsrud, 2011). Based on these aspects, the discussion intends to briefly discuss the international trade laws and the related risk factors that are quite likely to be faced by Cowan Davies (CD) PLC when expanding its business operations in South East Asia. Moreover, the discussion also focuses on identifying major risks of trade and finance that are probable to be faced by CD in its planned expansion to South East Asia. Brief Description of Legal Risks in International Trade and Finance Legal risks are often perceived to be a few of the fundamental issues faced by organisations when conducting processes related to international trade and finance. It is in this context that over the past decades, laws related to trade affairs and business operations have developed apparently, which has also imposed a significant influence on the organisational operations. For instance, in early decades of the 18th century, businesses were largely focused on national contexts rather than on foreign environments apart from the export and import functions. With the gradual increase in the globalisation effects, organisations became more concentrated on expanding their businesses in foreign countries in order to attain the virtues of added resource availability and increased market demand. However, owing to the distinctive cultural backgrounds and business procedures, various regions developed dissimilar trade policies which later cropped up as a fundamental reason for international trade related conflicts (Schmitthoff & Cheng, 1937). For instance, the legal framework followed by the South East Asian economies to facilitate international trade has been observed as quite different from that practiced by the western countries. Where the organisations operating in America, England and other allied western countries need to abide by the norms specified by North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the companies operating in the South East Asian region needs to follow the rules and regulations specified by the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN). Supposedly, the policies followed by the two international trade related treaties are distinct in terms of their characteristics which might give rise to conflicts and legal issues in case of global exposure (Johnsrud, 2011). With this concern, there are various trade and finance risks identifiable, which could affect the export activities of CD for its expansion in the South East Asian region. It is worth mentioning in this context t

Business Plan to create a Maintenance Training in Jakarta Research Paper

Business Plan to create a Maintenance Training in Jakarta - Research Paper Example This document provides an analysis of the market, demand condition and other relevant factors. The plan proposes solutions on how to recruit local staff and potential talent to enter the aviation industry. The scope of the report include corporate strategy, finance, marketing, and human resources. The report includes a feasibility study that examines the relevant risks and other dominant factors and matters which are relevant concerns prior to the commitment of resources into the project. The recipients of this report are the stakeholders that include the government of Indonesia and other players who are going to play various roles. This includes sponsors, institution management and other people at the helm of affairs in the training center. The primary focus of the research will be on the maintenance of investments and comparative analysis with other flight training services. The report invokes some elements of mandatory Full Flight Simulators (FFS) and the use of flight instruction s that will be seconded by ETOPS organization which is headquartered in Toulouse, France. The research concludes that it will be better to maintain infrastructure for Asian Aviation Academy in Asia but retain staff members in France and sending instructors to the Asian unit where necessary. This is because it will be expensive to maintain full-time paid staff members in the Asian unit. Also, it is strongly recommended that Asian Aviation Academy must use local resources to reduce costs and retain attractive offers to consumers in order to gain and maintain market share in contrast with other competitors in the industry. It is recommended that Asian Aviation Academy must commence with the Airbus. To this end, the focus of the business plan is on Airbus. As the company grows and the institution gets rooted in the region, the portfolio could be expanded to train other players like Bombardier, Emirates, ATR and other entities. The market analysis is conducted on the basis of this assump tion. CHAPTER 1 GENERAL CONTEXT This proposal focuses on training staff members in some aspects of the Airbus aircrafts and its relevant aviation management job training. In order to examine it, there is the need to undertake a critical review of the scope of work and the technical components of the Airbus family of aircrafts and devices. The primary focus of the Asian Aviation Academy (hereafter referred to as AAA) will be on the A320 which is the smallest and the most popular airline in the range. To this end, AAA will be positioned to train staff members with the management and running of the A320 aircraft and provide all the basic services in this aircraft. The basic services will provide a model for the integration of other airlines in the range and help to promote an efficient training system and structure. 1.1 Market Analysis In the macrocosmic sense, the aviation industry experienced a major boom after 1980 (Sinha 31). This is because deregulation and other liberalization ar rangements ensured that the number of airlines could be increased in nations. Also, the previous tradition of only allowing governments to own airlines was eliminated with the introduction of reforms and deregulation which allowed private participation in the global airline industry. Asia and the

Cmn 277 Essay Example for Free

Cmn 277 Essay Frequency of cause: how many times you have been exposed into message a. Cumulative (more than one time) multiple b. Non-cumulative (base on taking one) 6. Nature of outcome a. Cognitive (do with fighting against what we believe) b. Affective (do with emotion or feeling) c. Behavioral (perform) EX. The table is soft, but I think it is hard (cognitive); â€Å"I don’t like tables any more† (affective); I will not buy it. (Behavioral) 3) Phases of effects research: research topics, theories, and typical research in the direct effects era, limited effects era, and conditional effects era 1. Direct effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking at political propaganda b. Media perceived to be influential c. EX. â€Å"Hypodermic needle† and â€Å"magic bullet† theories (media are powerful) Research: research focus on content of media; little research on media effects 2. Limited effects era Research topics and theories a. Why are media not powerful? b. Ex. Selective exposure and selective retention theories Typical research: survey and content analysis 3. Conditional effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking for more subtle effects b. Looking for conditions when effects may occur Typical research: broadened range of methods B) Research Methods Overview 1) Basic problems in media effects research 1. Problems of exposure: when someone consume the message, different level of exposure. 2. Problems of measurement 3. Problems of causality (you like to try everything) 2) Causal models: basic one-way model, supplemental models, and alternative causal models 1. Basic one-way model X- cause, independent (nature) Y- effect, dependent (depend on X) X Y 2. Supplement causal models The basic is right, but maybe two or more ways . Multiple causes model X X Y X b. Mutual causation model X Y c. Intervening model (not directly) X Z Y 3. Alternative causal models One-way model here is false a. Reverse causation model X Y b. Third-factor model X Y Z 3) Data collection methods: description, advantages, and disadvantages of content analysis, surveys, and experiments 1. Content analysis Numerical description of media a. Advantages Ident ifies what is in the media message that starts in message b. Disadvantages By itself, cannot demonstrate cause and effect . Surveys Asking representative sample, external validity a. Advantages 1) Representative sample of people 2) Measures naturally occurring events b. Disadvantages 1) Limited to questions 2) Cannot measure time order 3. Experiments Expose people to something: measure effects, internal, validity a. Advantages 1) Can observe/manipulate events 2) Can observe time order b. Disadvantages 1) Often uses limited sample of people 2) Artificial setting and situations C) Uses and Gratifications Theories 1) Uses and Gratifications defined and the uses and gratifications model 1. Defined What happens before and during media exposure helps determine the effects of exposure 2. Model Psychological forces: individual, what you believe Social forces: outside influence, from others or†¦ (Both happen at the same time) Reasons for exposure conditions of exposure: what do you feel media effects Example: Desire to vote correctly Professor urges you to engage in political process 2) Some reasons for media exposure (list of common media gratifications) 1. Surveillance Try to learn something, figure something out 2. Entertainment Look for to prove your mood 3. Interpersonal activity 1) You want to watch famous people, so you watch the TV show (2) You watch TV show, you want to talk to others about it. 4. Para social interaction We keep the relationship (you watch Opera, you believe her because she tells you what to do) 5. Personal Identity You watch TV show to improve yourself and expand your knowledge in the fields you are interested in. The similarity is between you and c haracters. D) Cultivation Theory 1) Constructed nature of social reality 1. The mind begins as a blank slate 2. Our reality is constructed for us by social interactions and institutions 3. Part of the reality we construct is based on television reality 4. Television reality is wrong 2) Television reality: what is wrong with it; the consistency of the patterns Entertainment television presents a distorted view of America and the world. 62% characters are male People under 18 are only 1/3 of actual People over 65 are only 1/5 of actual Crime is 10 times as common as actual Medical and criminal justice workers many times as common as actual 3% of TV characters are responsible for an older adult 3) The Cultivation process: parts of the process 1. Where attitudes come from Belief 1 Belief 2 attitude judgment Belief 3 EX. Beliefs and attitude toward police officers Police use brutality Police protect people Police abuse power 2. The cultivation model Viewer’s exposure to TV demographics 1) Exposure to TV demographics a. Who is on Television b. What they do and what happens to them 2) Viewers’ beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena a. Who is out there in the world b. What they do and what happens to them 3) Views’ attitudes a. Based on beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena b. We infer importance status, and relative social place; we make judgments c. Mainstreaming process 4) Further specifications 1. When does Cultivation not occur? a. When direct experience differs from TV b. When people view critically c. When the TV message is not uniform 2. When is cultivation most likely to occur? a. When the message resonate with direct experience b. When 5) Cultivation research: Content analyses and surveys 1. Content analysis of television 2. Survey research a. Exposure to TV b. Beliefs c. Attitudes 6) Criticisms of the theory 1. Difficult to establish causality 2. Too broad E) General Media Effects Theories 1) Social Learning 1. Overview We can learn behavior by watching other’s behavior 2. How it works a. Basic model: Attention to performance of behavior b. Important conditions 1) Identification with model 2) Model rewards/consequences 3) Situational motivations The situation should be the same c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative (only need to see performance once) 5) Behavioral focus 2) Excitation Transfer 1. Overview The excitement we get from media content can exaggerate our feelings 2. How it works 1) Physiological arousal (transfer) Media content can be arousal Expose to arousing content 2) Exaggeration comes from misunderstanding the cause of arousal. 3) Categorizing the theory 1. Causes change 2. Individual level 3. Short-term 4. Non-cumulative 5. Affective focus 3) Exemplification A lot of times we see examples of people in news, we think about the represent issue, use the examples to judge issues. 1. How it works 1) People understand issues in terms of effect on other people 2) News stories supply examples of people and situations (exemplars); often extreme causes. ) People treat exemplars as typical cases 4) Exemplars are often easy to recall when a. No firm impression of actual situation b. Example created emotional reaction 5) Process Exposure to examples in News 6) Net effect: extreme, incorrect beliefs and judgments about social issues 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive focus 4) Dese nsitization a. The more you see bother the content, the less it bother you (content that used to bother you). b. How it works 1) Applies to affect-producing content 2) Basic model Repeated exposure 3) Outcome can be affected or behavior change c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Cumulative 5) Affective focus (first) 5) Catharsis Not very supported, but very interesting media provide opportunity for us to add up emotions. (Media content lets us imagine away negative feelings) 1. How it works 1) We have negative experience 2) Media provide venue for fantasizing 3) Basic model Negative feelings 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Short-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Affective focus ) Reinforcement Some media content encourage us to stay as we are (media reinforces what we already think, feel and do) 1. How it works 1) Builds from 2 basic observations a. Not everyone reacts to media content b. Many people already behave as suggested by content 2) Basic model Exposure to content 2. Categorizing the theory (does not cause change) 1) Reinforces 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive/affective/behavioral focus F) Media Violence and Aggression 1) Basic models of violence effects 1. Exposure to violence in media Exposure Exposure Exposure 2. Exposure to violence in media 2) The research: content analysis, experiments, and survey studies 1. Content analysis (1) Count of violent acts Six percent of all TV shows have violence and have six hours (2) Perpetrators Good guys commit violence 3) Consequences (terrible) 70% of violent acts down, half of them show no harm or no pain. 4% content 2. Survey studies (1) One-time How much violence can you observe? Generally conducted on Children Ask teacher to measure the aggression in Children Ask children how much TV they watch Lots of TV= lots of aggression (2) Over-time 1961: increased exposure=increased aggression 1971: increased exposure=increased aggression Being exposed to violence= aggressive behavior (causal nature) 3. Experiment Field experiments: outcomes based on previous experience Look at previous behavior, control predict Violent is related to aggressive Trying to find out what people are doing naturally Less control 3) Criticisms of the research Causal model cannot show relationship with certainty Why is there so much violence? Easily produced Easily understood G) Sexually Explicit Content ) Issues in sexually explicit content research: the basic categorization scheme, kinds of dependent variables, ethical concerns 1. The basic categorization scheme (1) Sexually violent a. Sex involves in movies (2) Nonviolent degrading More or less can teach bad things for male and female relationship (3) Nonviolent non-degrading Love, equal power between (4) Nudity It is not real about sex (5) Child por nography 2. Kinds of dependent variables (1) Arousal What people will be like when show something? (2) Beliefs What people think about the sexual content? (3) Attitudes (4) Behavior What’s your sexual activity? Take safe or not? 3. Ethical concerns People do the content worries about 2) Effects of non-violent sexually explicit content: degrading and non-degrading content 3) Effects of sexual violence: what makes sexual violence different than other violence, typical sexual violence content types and exposure effects We only see it in media Typical sexual violence content types: the outcome 4) Criticisms of the research Hard to do this experiment H) Race in Crime News 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Race and crime news: how various racial groups are depicted 3) Explaining differences in news coverage I) Mass Media and Gender 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Remember audience differences 3) Entertainment media and advertising: content patterns, the role of media producers, research on effects of exposure to body images J) Media Media and Health 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Representations of mental disorders 3) Representations of physicians: current and past 4) Entertainment-Education 5) Media Obesity: characteristics of common portrayals (of food and people), nutritional knowledge K) Public Opinion 1) Public opinion defined 2) Spiral of Silence ) Criticisms of Spiral of Silence We need more research, dont work very well in the USA. L) Agenda Setting, Priming, ; Framing 1) The agenda setting effect: the public agenda, the media agenda, how the media communicate the importance of issues, the basic model 2) Agenda setting research: survey research at one time, survey research over time, and experiments 3) Conditions that affect when agenda settin g happens: individual differences and issue obtrusiveness 4) Issue priming: the priming effect and research Use the issue to judge the leaders 5) Framing: the news framing effect Does take in account what it said. M) Mass Media and Presidential Elections 1) Relationship between candidates and journalists 2) Patterson’s Game Schema Theory a) Hypothesis: general thesis and model b) Opposing approaches to elections: how journalists and voters approach elections c) Effects of this disparity d) Why this has occurred e) Strengths and weaknesses (criticisms) of the theory N) Effects of Internet Use 1) Internet use affects quality of interactions 2) Internet use replaces interpersonal communication 3) Internet use replaces traditional mass media People dont have recourses to do multiple things. You dont know when someone watching you. Internet people can get really diversity information III. Discussion section content since examination #1 A) Sex Roles on Television and Stereotype Threat B) Video game and music video findings C) Voter turnout trends and campaigns Important thing to know who tends to vote. Education level, race graphics Why? Old people are home, and others. VEP is better than the VAP Learn about the candidates and decide how you to vote Watch the news and look for issue information about the conditdates Want to decide how to vote I don’t want to become a police officer Viewer’s attitudes Viewer’s beliefs Performance of behavior Learning of behavior Exaggeration of feelings Arousal Examples used in beliefs and judgment about issues Recall of examples Acceptance of depicted behavior Reduced emotional response Perform Reduction of original feelings Various releases of feelings Exposure to others acting out feelings Predisposition reinforcement Aggressiveness Aggressiveness Social learning Aggressiveness Excitation transfer Aggressiveness Desensitization Fear